Morphology Of Flowering Plant Notes
Morphology :- The branch which deals with the study of external structure of organism called as morphology.
Angiosperm :- The angiosperm are present on each and every corner of the earth due to the property pollination.
It is the most advanced flowering plant.
Angiosperm can be classified into different type on their basis.
1. Hydrophyties :- Growing in water
2. Xerophytic :- Growing in desert.
3. Halophytics :- Growing in marshy places.
4. Lithophytics :- Growing in rock.
5. Pasmophytics :- Growing in sandy soil.
Typical angiosperm consists of flowering parts.
1. Vegetative part :- The ability of the plant part to proliphate into whole organism.
E.g :- Root, Stem, Leaves
2. Reproductive part :- It is the site of sexual reproduction.
E.g. :- Flower
Root :-
1. Roots are positively geotropic and hydrotropic.
2. Roots are negatively phototrophic.
The Root group consists of different region.
1. Region of root cap :- we provide passage for ensceration of root inside the soil.
2. Region of cell division :- It consists of meristematic tissue which shows the power of cell division.
3. Region of elongation :- The growth of the root are increased towards the water called as region of elongation.
4. Reason of absorption :- They absorb the water from soil.
5. Region of maturation :- Fixation of root against the gravity.
Function of root
1. Absorption of water
2. Storage of food
3. Respiration
4. Act as a vegetative part
Types of root
1. Tap Root :- Those root arises from radical called as tap root.
2.Adventitious Root :- dost root development other than radical called as adventitious root.
Modification of Root
The root perform some special function inside of their normal function called as modification of root.
1. Modification of tap root :-
A) For food storage :-
a) Fusiform root ( spindle root )
E.g :- Raddish
b) Napiform root :- ( Spherical shaped )
E.g. :- Beetroot
c) Conical root :- ( Conical Shaped )
E.g. :- Carrot
B) For respiration :- Pneumatophores
The grow in swampy areas ( marshy ).
2. Modification of Adventitious root :-
A) For food storage
a) Simple tuberous root
E.g. :- sweet patato
b) Fasiculated tuberous root :-
E.g. :- Asparagus
B) For mechanical support :-
a) Prop root :-
E.g. :- Banyan tree
b) Stilt root :- Provide support to the weak steam.
E.g. :- Maize
c) Climbing root :- The climbing root provide support to weak steam.
E.g. :- money plant
3. For special function :-
A) Epiphytic root :-
E.g :- Small plant like orchid are grow on big trees.
B) Sucking root
Steam
1. They are negatively geotropic and hydrotropic.
2. They are positively phototropic ( Only at young stage )
Bud :- young compact tissue called as bud.
A) Vegetative bud :- steam, Branches, leaves
B) Floral bud :- Flower, fruit
Function of stem
a) Conduction of water
b) Storage of food
c) Vegetative reproduction
d) Protection
Modification Of Stem
The stem perform some special function instead of their normal function.
There are three types of modification of stem
A) Underground Modification :- the steam are grow inside the soil.
a) Rhizome :- Ginger ( grow horizontally)
b) Stem tuber :- Potato
c) Bulb :- Garlic, Onion
d) Corm :- ( Grow vertically )
B) Sub aerial modification :- The part of stem partially touched to soil and partially present in air.
a) Runner :- Lawn grass
b) Stolon :- Strawberry
c) Offset :- Jalkumbhi
d) Sucker
C) Aerial modification :- The part of steam are fully present in the air called as aerial modification.
a) Stem Tendril :- Provide support
b) Thron :- Provide protection against browsing animal.
c) Phylloclade :- Conservation of water.
d) Bulbil :- Vegetative reproduction
Morphology of leaf
The leaf consists of three main parts.
1. Leaf base :- Part of the leaf attached to the stem or branches.
2. Petiole :- The part of leaves which connect lamina and base called as petiole.
It also shows the conduction of water and air.
3. Lamina :- This is the most important green and flat part of the leaf. Those playing role in photosynthesis and gaseous exchange.
Venation :- The arrangement of veins and veinlets on the surface of lamina called as venation.
A) Reticulum Venation :- In this type single vein is placed at the centre and form a network.
B) Parallel Venation :- In this type the veins and veinlets are parallel to one other.
Phyllotaxy :- The arrangement of leaves on the surface of the stem and branch is called as Phyllotaxy.
Modification of leaf
1. Leaf spine :- They protect the leaf against grossing animal.
2. Leaf tendril :- They provide support.
3. Leaf hook :- They provide support
4. Phyllode :- When the petiole shows the process of photosynthesis, that modify modification is called as Phyllode.
Inflorescence :- A group of flower called inflorescence.
1. Racemose :- New flower at the top and old flower at the base called as racemose inflorescence.
E.g. :- Rose
2. Cymose :- Old flower at the top and the young flower at the base called as Cymose inflorescence
Flower
Flower is a site of reproduction of male and female gamete.
1. Pedicel :- The stalk of flower called as pedicle.
2. Thalamus :- They provide surface for attachment of floral parts.
3. Sepal (calyx) :- To enclose the flower during the time of rainy season. They provide protection against the rain drop.
4. Petal :- It bears smell, colour and nectar for the attraction of insect for the process of pollination.
5. Stamen :- The site of reproduction of male gamete called as stamen
6. Carpel ( gynoecium ) :- The site of reproduction of female gamete called as carpel.
Inseretion of Floral parts
The arrangement of floral parts with respect to gynoecium called as inseretion of floral parts.
Symmetry of flower
1. Asymmetrical flower :- The flower which cannot be divided into two equal parts.
2. Bilateral symmetrical :- The flower which can be divided into two equal parts.
3. Radial symmetrical :- The flower which can be divided into two equal parts but the current is passing through the centre.
Fruit
Pericarp :- The pericarp is divided into three parts.
1. Epicarp :- The outermost protective layer called as epicarp
2. Mesocarp :-The innermost juicy layer called as mesocarp
3. Endocarp :- The layer of fruit which contain seed.
Types of fruit
1. Simple fruit :- Tomato
2. Composite fruit :- Custard apple
3. Aggregate fruit :- Pineapple
Seed
Seed is coated embryo.
Embryo :- The combination of male and female gamate called as embryo
Endosperm :- A layer which provide nourishment to the embryo called as endosperm.
Seed coat :- Layer which provide protection to embryo called as seed coat.
Radical :- The cotyledon of seed grow downward direction which develop into root called as radical.
Plumule :- The cotyledon also grow in upward direction called as plumule and which are developed into shoot.
Types of seed
1. Dicot :- Dicot provide support to the strong stem. It can be divided into two equal parts.
Eg :- mango
2. Monocot :- Monocot provide support to week stem. It is not divided into two equal parts.
Eg:- maize
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